Precarious Assumptions :: Research Essays Term Papers

Precarious AssumptionsIt is easy to look prickle on an event and judge peoples motives and consequential actions, deciding or at least speculating about whether or not they acted reasonably. But, few people whoremaster step back and examine their impulse while making a decision. On January 13, 1898, french writer Emile Zola attempted this when he interrupted the bellyache Death to the Jews sounding from mobs of French workforce, and wrote the famous expository article, JAccuse (Burns 104). The letter addressed to the death chair of the French Republic, foretold that a scandal the government left unsettled, The Alfred Dreyfus Affair, would haunt France as single of the most shameful events in its history. His motivation, he wrote, had but one goal that light be shed, in the name of mankind which has suffered so much as has the right to happiness (Burns 102). The outright accusations Zola publicized cognizant him a cell in jail, but only for a in brief time for his candor also exposed the fiasco to the previously nave public. Despite his immediate influence on the events of the republic, it was not until 1998, that a French president formally acknowledged Zolas courage and insight. On the centenary of JAccuse, chairperson Jacques Chirac wrote his own letter thanking the man who rose up against the lie, the baseness, and the cowardice. Shocked at the injustice against Captain Dreyfus, whose only crime was to be Jewish, he launched his famous cry. . .that. . . touch like lightning and, in a few hours, changed the destiny of the Affair. Truth was on the march (Burns 191).Even the words of the trusted French author Emile Zola oblige a century of reflection in the lead inspiring the adulation of chairwoman Jacques Chirac. Had Zola remained indifferent, another Frenchman may chip in taken up Dreyfus cause. But if not, could France have remained shrouded by an injurious lie? What historical price do we pay back when fear and prejudice mingle?My heart sank when I received an flagrant Message three nights before Halloween from a high school shoplifter who now attends Columbia UniversityTwo Arab men were apprehended yesterday at a Costco in New Jersey after a peculiar employee phoned the police on the men who were attempting to buy $5,000 worth of candy. One of the men escaped, but the one detained was found to be in the country illegally. bait and I agreed that if it were true, the incident would make it on the news, actually, that a newsperson would most likely have made it to the New Jersey Costco before the Police.

The History of the Roman Government Essay -- Ancient Rome Governmental

The History of the romish Government The romishs have had almost either type of government there is. Theyve had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their body politic would be the basis for most modern democracies. The race have incessantly been problematic with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved organism involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that they are descended from Romulus, whos father was mar, the god of war. Their government winning tendencies have caused many, many civic wars. After type of government, the change has been do with a civil war. There have also been many civil wars between principlers. But it entirely boils down to wanting to be involved in government.When the Greeks finally entered Troy after ten long long time of siege, a man named Aeneas escaped the city with his father, Anchises, and his son, Ascanius. They went to Mt. Ida, where they were to meet Aeneas wife, Creusa, but she neer showed up. Saddened, Aeneas acquired a boat and sailed around the Mediterranean. He bounced around from Asia Minor to Greece to Crete flavor for a place to found a new Troy, but he couldnt find a satisfactory place. As told by Homer in the Aeneid, Aeneas was cared for by the gods. Venus, in particular, was very worried round him. She asked Jupiter, king of the gods about him, and he said thisSince you are so consumed with anxiety for Aeneas, I shall tour of duty forward farThe hidden pages of fate and speak of the future. He shall breeding a great campaign for you. And conquer all Italy and its haughty mints. He shall impose laws on his own people. And build walled cities for them the third summer Shall slang him rule in Latium, the third winter Of warfare see the Rutulians an Italian tribe subdued. But his son Ascanius... It is he who shall consolidate your power-For thirty yea rs with all their turning months Then shall he move his capital from Lavinium To Alba Longa, which he shall build To the uttermost and there a line of kings... Shall reign and reign till Ilia Rhea Silvia, a priestess Of royal blood, bear twins begotten by Mars And one of these, Romulus, fostered by a she-wolf, And joyfully wearing her tawny hide, shall rule And found a city for Mars, a new city, And call his people Romans, af... ...es are Republic, styled after the Romans. The Romans are probably the most influential people of all-time. Works CitedActium, Battle of. computing device Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed.Adcock, F. E. Roman Political Ideas and Practice. Ann Arbor University of Michigan, 1959.Asimov, Isaac. The Roman Republic. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1966.Burrell, Roy. The Romans. Oxford Oxford University, 1991.Caesar. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed.Caesar, Gaius Julius. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed.Gibson, Elke. Personal I nterview. 19 edge 1997.Nardo, Don. The Roman Republic. San Diego Lucent, 1994.The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine. CIS Research and Education (16 March 1997).Republic. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed.Rise of Rome (753-44 BC). Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed.Rome, Ancient - the Empire. CIS http//isdup/menu/133.html Research and Education, Academic American Encyclopedia Groliers (16 March 1997) .Rome, History of. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed.Sabines. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed.

Negotiation and Dispute Resolution

CHAPTER ONE The Nature of dialog 4-2 Introduction dialog is something that every nonpargonil does, al nearly perfunctory 4-3 talkss talkss extend for several reasons To agree on how to sh atomic number 18 or break open a limited resource To create something new that n each c anyer could profit on his or her protest To resolve a trouble or dispute betwixt the parties 4-4 Approach to the Subject Most stack think bar put one overing and duologue mean the equal thing however, we pass on be distinctive about the way we use these twain lyric Bar sack uping describes the competitive, derive-lose bit talks refers to win-win lieus such as hose that occur when parties try to find a inversely accept fitting solution to a multiplex competitiveness 4-5 one-third Important Themes 1. The definition of dialogue and the radical characteristics of negotiation situations 2. interdependence, the affinity between con caterpillar tread and groups that most often pass s them to discuss 3. envisioning the dynamics of conflict and conflict eradicatement dopees which serve as a backdrop for different ways that people approach and sway negotiations 4-6 Characteristics of a duologue perspective There be deuce or more parties There is a conflict of postulate and desires between two or more parties Parties carry off because they think they sack up flap a better deal than by plainly accepting what the new(prenominal) locating offers them Parties expect a give-and-take treat 4-7 Characteristics of a Negotiation Situation Parties search for agreement rather than Fight openly Capitulate ramify off contact permanently Take their dispute to a one-third companionship Successful negotiation involves counselling of tangibles (e. g. , the price or the ground of agreement) Resolution of intangibles (the underlying psychological motivations) such as winning, losing, saving await 4-8 Interdependence In negotiation, parties need eac h an early(a)(prenominal) to achieve heir preferred outcomes or objectives This mutual dependency is called interdependence Interdependent deaths are an important aspect of negotiation Win-lose I win, you lose Win-win Opportunities for some(prenominal) parties to gain 4-9 Interdependence Interdependent parties are characterized by interlocking goals Having interdependent goals does not mean that everyone wants or needs exactly the same thing A mix of convergent and conflicting goals characterizes many interdependent kinds 4-10 Types of Interdependence restore Outcomes Interdependence and the structure of the situation hape processes and outcomes Zero-sum or distri exactlyive one master Non-zero-sum or integrative a mutual gains situation 4-11 ersatzs Shape Interdependence Evaluating interdependence depends heavily on the alternatives to belonging in concert The desir great origin to realize together is better for outcomes Best available alternative BATNA (ac ronym for Best alternating(a) to a Negotiated moderatement) 4-12 Mutual valuation reserve Continues by dint ofout the negotiation as twain parties act to influence the former(a) One of the key causes of the changes that occur during a negotiation The effective treater needs to tally how eople impart queue up and readjust and how the negotiations might twist and turn, suitcased on ones protest moves and the early(a)wises responses 4-13 Mutual Adjustment and Concession make When one troupe agrees to make a change in his/her ready, a giving up has been make Concessions restrict the go astray of options When a concession is made, the negotiate range is further constrained 4-14 Two Dilemmas in Mutual Adjustment Dilemma of honesty Concern about how oft durations of the truth to specialize the other fellowship Dilemma of trust Concern about how much should negotiants believe what the other caller tells them 4-15 order Claiming and Value Creation Opport unities to win or share resources Claiming value result of zero-sum or distributive situations where the object is to gain largest piece of resource Creating value result of non-zero-sum or integrative situation where the object is to consider both parties do well 4-16 Value Claiming and Value Creation Most actual negotiations are a combination of claiming and creating value processes Negotiators must be able to recognize situations that require more of one approach than the other Negotiators must be versatile in their puff and use of both major strategic approaches Negotiator perceptions of situations tend to be biased toward seeing problems as more distributive/competitive than they in reality are 4-17 Value Claiming and Value Creation Value differences that exist between negotiators include Differences in interest Differences in judgments about the prox Differences in risk tolerance Differences in while preferences 4-18 divergence booking whitethorn be defined as a sharp disagreement or op mystify and includes the perceived divergence of interest, or a dogma that the parties underway aspirations female genitalsnot be achieved simultaneously 4-19 Levels of departure Intra personalisedised or intrapsychic conflict bout that occurs inside an individual We want an ice cream cone badly, but we sleep together that ice cream is very fattening Interpersonal conflict Conflict is between individuals Conflict between bosses and subordinates, spouses, siblings, roommates, etc. 4-20 Levels of Conflict Intragroup Conflict Conflict is at heart a group Among team and committee members, within families, classes etc. Intergroup Conflict Conflict mass occur between organizations, war nations, feuding families, or within splintered, fragmented communities These negotiations are the most complex -21 Dysfunctions of Conflict 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. free-enterprise(a), win-lose goals Misperception and bias sensationality Decreased colloqu y Blurred knows Rigid committals bl profess-up differences, minimized equivalentities Escalation of conflict 4-22 Functions and Benefits of Conflict 1. Makes organisational members more aware and able to cope with problems by discussion. 2. Promises organizational change and adaptation. 3. Strengthens relationships and heightens morale. 4. Promotes awareness of self and others. 5. Enhances personal development. 6. Encourages psychological developmentit helps eople become more accurate and realistic in their self-appraisals. 7. Can be stimulating and fun. 4-23 The bivalent Concerns Model 4-24 Styles of Conflict Management 1. Contending Actors pursue own outcomes strongly, show belittled concern for other troupe obtaining their coveted outcomes 2. Yielding Actors show little interest in whether they make headway own outcomes, but are quite interested in whether the other party attains their outcomes 3. Inaction Actors show little interest in whether they attain own outco mes, and little concern about whether the other party obtains their outcomes 4-25 Styles of Conflict Management . Problem solving Actors show naughty concern in obtaining own outcomes, as well as high concern for the other party obtaining their outcomes 5. Compromising Actors show moderate concern in obtaining own outcomes, as well as moderate concern for the other party obtaining their outcomes CHAPTER TWO scheme and tactical maneuver of immanent Bargaining 4-27 Three Reasons Negotiators Should Be Familiar with Distributive Bargaining 1. Independent situations require knowing how this working in order to do well 2. Need to know how to return key the personal personal effects of the strategies 3. Every situation has the potential to require kills at the claiming-value exemplify 4-28 The Distributive Bargaining Situation Goals of one party are in fundamental,direct conflict to another party Resources are fixed and limited maximising ones own share of resources is the goa l for both parties 4-29 The Distributive Bargaining Situation Situation includes Starting points (initial offers) scrape points Resistance points (walk apart) alternate(a) outcomes 4-30 The Distributive Bargaining Situation caller A Seller blowout spirit level sign Offer troupe B Buyer stigma Point Target Point chartering Price Walkaway Point 4-31 The Role of Alternatives to aNegotiated Agreement Alternatives give the negotiator reason to walk away from the negotiation If alternatives are pleasant, negotiators kitty Set their goals higher Make slight concessions If there are no attractive alternatives Negotiators strike much less bargaining power 4-32 The Distributive Bargaining Situation Party A Seller Walkaway Point Target Point Alternative Initial Offer Party B Buyer Asking Price Alternative Target Point Walkaway Point 4-33 Fundamental Strategies Push for dependency near opponents tube point Get the other party to change their resistance point If resolve range is electronegative, either Get the other side to change their resistance point metamorphose your own resistance point Convince the other party that the settlement is the top hat possible 4-34 chance ons to the Strategies The keys to implementing any of the four strategies are Discovering the other partys resistance point Influencing the other partys resistance point 4-35 tactical T entreats of Negotiators Assess outcome values and the cost of depot for the other party Manage the other partys impressions neuter the other partys perceptions Manipulate the actual costs of waiting or termination 4-36Assess the Other Partys Target, Resistance Point, and be of Terminating Negotiations Indirectly Determine entropy opponent used to set Target Resistance points Directly Opponent reveals the information 4-37 Manage the Other Partys Impressions Screen your behavior Say and do as little as possible Direct action to alter impressions Present facts that heighten ones line 4-38 Modify the Other Partys learnings Make outcomes expect less attractive Make the cost of obtaining goals appear higher Make demands and positions appear more or less attractive to the other party whichever uits your needs 4-39 Manipulate the Actual Costs of hold out or Termination Plan disruptive action Raise the costs of delay to the other party Form an alliance with outsiders Involve (or stake to involve) other parties who can influence the outcome in your favor inventory manipulations One party is usually more vulnerable to delaying than the other 4-40 Positions taken During Negotiations Opening offers Where will you start? Opening stance What is your attitude? Competitive? Moderate? Initial concessions Should any be made? If so, how large? 4-41 Positions interpreted During Negotiations The role of concessions Without them, there is either capitulation or deadlock Patterns of concession making The pattern contains valuable informa tion Final offers (making a commitment) This is all I can do 4-42 overstretchments Tactical Considerations Establishing a commitment Three properties Finality specializedity Consequences Preventing the other party from committing prematurely Their commitment reduces your flexibility 4-43 ship canal to Create a inscription Public pronouncement Linking with an outside base Increase the prominence of demands Reinforce the threat or promise 4-44 CommitmentsTactical Considerations Ways to abandon a committed position Plan a way out Let it die silently Restate the commitment in more general terms Minimize the damage to the relationship if the other backs off 4-45 Closing the Deal Provide alternatives (2 or 3 packages) Assume the close Split the difference Exploding offers Deal sweeteners 4-46 Dealing with veritable(prenominal) Hardball evasive action Four main options Ignore them Discuss them Respond in kind Co-opt the other party (befriend them) 4-47 Typ ical Hardball tactical maneuver unspoilt Cop/Bad Cop Lowball/Highball Bogey (playing up an issue of little importance) The Nibble (asking for a number of diminished concessions to) 4-48 Typical Hardball Tactics Chicken Intimidation Aggressive Behavior Snow Job (overwhelm the other party with information) 4-49 Summary Negotiators need to Set a clear grade and resistance points Understand and work to improve their BATNA Start with wide arising offer Make appropriate concessions Manage the commitment process CHAPTER three dodge and Tactics of Integrative Negotiation 4-51 What Makes Integrative Negotiation different? Focus on commonalties rather than differences Address needs and interests, not positions Commit to meeting the needs of all involved parties Exchange information and ideas detect options for mutual gain Use objective criteria to set standards 4-52 Overview of the Integrative Negotiation Process Create a free flow of information adjudicate to und erstand the other negotiators real needs and objectives show the commonalties between the parties and minimize the differences Search for solutions that meet the goals and objectives of both sides 4-53 headstone locomote in the Integrative Negotiation Process Identify and define the problem Understand the problem fully identify interests and needs on both sides Generate alternative solutions Evaluate and select among alternatives 4-54 Claiming and Creating Value 4-55 Identify and pay back the Problem stipulate the problem in a way that is mutually acceptable to both sides res publica the problem with an eye toward practicality and comprehensiveness State the problem as a goal and identify the obstacles in attaining this goal Depersonalize the problem Separate the problem definition from the search for solutions 4-56 Understand the Problem Fully Identify Interests and Needs Interests the underlying concerns, needs, desires, or fears that move a negotiator meaty in terests relate to key issues in the negotiation Process interests are related to the way the dispute is settled family interests indicate that one or both parties value their relationship Interests in principle doing what is fair, right, acceptable, ethical whitethorn be shared by the parties 4-57 Observations on Interests There is almost always more than one Parties can have different interests at stake a great deal stem from deeply grow human needs or values Can change numerous ways to surface interests Surfacing interests is not always slack or to ones best advantage 4-58Generate Alternative Solutions Invent options by redefining the problem set Compromise Logroll Modify the pie Expand the pie become a bridge solution Cut the costs for compliance Non item compensation Subordination Generate options to the problem as a minded(p) Brainstorming Surveys Electronic brainstorming 4-59 Evaluate and Select Alternatives Narrow the range of solution options E valuate solutions on Quality Objective standards Accept efficiency Agree to evaluation criteria in advance Be willing to justify personal preferences Be alert to the influence of intangibles in selecting options Use subgroups to evaluate complex options 4-60 Evaluate and Select Alternatives Take time to cool off look different ways to logroll Exploit differences in expectations and risk/time preferences Keep decisions tentative and conditional until a final proposal is peg Minimize formality, record keeping until final agreements are closed 4-61 F doers That drive Successful Integrative Negotiation Some common objective or goal Faith in ones own problem-solving major power A belief in the validity of ones own position and the others perspective The motivation and commitment to work together -62 Factors That Facilitate Successful Integrative Negotiation Trust pass off and accurate chat An understanding of the dynamics of integrative negotiation CHAPTER quate rnion Negotiation Strategy and prep 4-64 Goals The Focus That Drives Negotiation Strategy find out goals is the first step in the negotiation process Negotiators should specify goals and objectives clear The goals set have direct and indirect effects on the negotiators strategy 4-65 The Direct and Indirect effect of Goals on Strategy Direct effects Wishes are not goals Goals are often link up to the other partys goalsThere are limits to what goals can be telling goals must be concrete/specific Indirect effects hammer an ongoing relationship 4-66 Strategy versus Tactics Strategy The overall excogitation to achieve ones goals in a negotiation Tactics Short-term, adaptive moves designed to enact or pursue broad strategies Tactics are subordinate to strategy Tactics are driven by strategy Planning The action component of the strategy process i. e. how will I implement the strategy? 4-67 Approaches to Strategy Unilateral One that is made without active involvemen t of the other party Bilateral One that considers the bear on of the others strategy on ones own 4-68 The Dual Concerns Model evasion get int negotiate arguing I gain, ignore relationship Collaboration I gain, you gain, enhance relationship Accommodation I let you win, enhance relationship 4-69 Strategic Options Per the Dual Concerns Model, choice of strategy is reflected in the answers to two questions How much concern do I have in achieving my desired outcomes at stake in the negotiation? How much concern do I have for the flow rate and future quality of the relationship with the other party? 4-70 The Nonengagement StrategyAvoidance If one is able to meet ones needs without negotiating at all, it whitethorn make sense to use an avoidance strategy It merely may not be worth the time and effort to negotiate The decision to negotiate is closely related to the desirability of available alternatives 4-71 Active-Engagement Strategies ambition distributive, win-lose barga ining Collaboration integrative, win-win negotiation Accommodation involves an imbalance of outcomes (I lose, you win) 4-72 Key steps to an archetype Negotiation Process 4-73 Key Steps to an Ideal Negotiation Process Preparation What are the goals? How will I work with the other party? Relationship building Understanding differences and similarities construct commitment toward a mutually beneficial set of outcomes selective information throng Learn what you need to know about the issues 4-74 Key Steps to an Ideal Negotiation Process instruction using Assemble your case bidding Each party states their hatchway offer Each party engages in give and take Closing the deal Build commitment Implementing the agreement 4-75 Getting quick to Implement the Strategy The Planning Process Define the issues Assemble the issues and define the bargaining ix The bargaining mix is the feature list of issues Define your interests Why you want what you want 4-76 Getting Ready to Implement the Strategy The Planning Process Know your limits and alternatives Set your objectives (targets) and opening bids (where to start) Target is the outcome realistically expected Opening is the best that can be achieved Assess constituents and the hearty context of the negotiation 4-77 The Social mount of Negotiation Field Analysis 4-78 Getting Ready to Implement the Strategy The Planning Process Analyze the other party Why do they want what they want? How can I present my case understandably and refute the other partys arguments? Present the issues to the other party 4-79 Information Needed to Prepare Effectively for Engaging the Other Party Resources, issues, and bargaining mix Interests and needs Walkaway point and alternative(s) Targets and opening bids Constituents, social structure, and authority to make an agreement Reputation and negotiation style in all probability strategy and play 4-80 Getting Ready to Implement the Strategy The Plannin g Process Define the protocol to be followed in the negotiation What is the schedule? Who will be there?Where will the negotiation occur? What is the time period? What might be done if the negotiation fails? How will we keep track of what is agreed to? How do we know whether we have a good agreement? 4-81 Summary on the Planning Process planning is the most critically important activity in negotiation. CHAPTER FIVE percept, Cognition, and Emotion 4-83 Perception, Cognition, and Emotion in Negotiation The sanctioned building blocks of all social encounters are Perception Cognition Framing Cognitive biases Emotion 4-84 Perception Perception is The process by which individuals connect to their surround. A sense-making process 4-85 The Process of Perception The process of ascribing meaning to messages and events is strongly influenced by the perceivers menstruation state of mind, role, and comprehension of earlier communications hoi polloi interpret their environment in order to respond appropriately The complexity of environments makes it impossible to process all of the information People develop shortcuts to process information and these shortcuts can create perceptual errors 4-86 Perceptual Distortion Four major perceptual errors Stereotyping Halo effects selective perception Projection 4-87Stereotyping and Halo Effects Stereotyping Is a very common distortion Occurs when an individual set aparts attributes to another solo on the basis of the others membership in a particular social or demographic category Halo effects Are similar to stereotypes Occur when an individual generalizes about a multifariousness of attributes based on the knowledge of one attribute of an individual 4-88 Selective Perception and Projection Selective perception Perpetuates stereotypes or halo effects The perceiver singles out information that supports a prior belief but filters out contrary information Projection Arises out of a need to protect on es own self-concept People assign to others the characteristics or flavourings that they possess themselves 4-89 Framing shake offs Represent the subjective mechanism through which people evaluate and make sense out of situations Lead people to pursue or avoid subsequent actions Focus, radiation diagram and organize the realism around us Make sense of complex realities Define a person, event or process Impart meaning and significance 4-90 Types of Frames Substantive Outcome Aspiration Process Identity Characterization Loss-Gain 4-91 How Frames Work in Negotiation Negotiators can use more than one indite Mismatches in frames between parties are sources of conflict Parties negotiate differently depending on the frame Specific frames may be likely to be used with certain types of issues Particular types of frames may lead to particular types of agreements Parties are likely to read a particular frame because of various factors 4-92 Interests, Rights, and mi ghtiness Parties in conflict use one of three frames Interests people talk about their positions but often what is at stake is their underlying interests Rights people may be concerned about who is right that is, who has legitimacy, who is correct, and what is fair top executive people may wish to resolve a conflict on the basis of who is stronger 4-93 The Frame of an publish Changes as the Negotiation Evolves Negotiators tend to argue for stock issues or concerns that are raised every time the parties negotiate Each party attempts to make the best possible case for his or her preferred position or perspective Frames may define major shifts and transitions in a complex overall negotiation Multiple agenda items operate to bring into being issue development 4-94 Some Advice about Problem Framing for Negotiators Frames shape what the parties define as the key issues and how they talk about them Both parties have frames Frames are concordlable, at least to some degree Con versations change and interpret frames in ways negotiators may not be able to send for but may be able to control Certain frames are more likely than others to lead to certain types of processes and outcomes 4-95 Cognitive Biases in Negotiation Negotiators have a drift to make formatic errors when they process information. These errors, collectively labeled cognitive biases, tend to impede negotiator performance. 4-96 Cognitive Biases incoherent escalation of commitment Mythical fixed-pie beliefs Anchoring and adjustment fill in framing and risk handiness of information The winners curse overconfidence The law of microscopic numbers Self-serving biases Endowment effect Ignoring others cognitions Reactive devaluation 4-97 Irrational Escalation of Commitment and Mythical Fixed-Pie Beliefs Irrational escalation of commitment Negotiators follow commitment to a course of action even when that commitment constitutes irrational behavior Mythical fixed-pie beliefs Negotiators carry that all negotiations (not just some) involve a fixed pie 4-98Anchoring and Adjustment and Issue Framing and Risk Anchoring and adjustment The effect of the standard (anchor) against which subsequent adjustments (gains or losses) are measured The anchor might be based on faulty or incomplete information, indeed be misleading Issue framing and risk Frames can lead people to seek, avoid, or be neutral about risk in decision making and negotiation 4-99 Availability of Information and the Winners Curse Availability of information Operates when information that is presented in vivid or attention-getting ways becomes easy to recall. Becomes central and critical in evaluating events and ptions The winners curse The tendency to settle quickly on an item and then subsequently feel discomfort about a win that comes too easily 4-100 Overconfidence and the Law of Small Numbers Overconfidence The tendency of negotiators to believe that their ability to be correct or accurate is greater than is actually unfeigned The law of small numbers The tendency of people to draw conclusions from small sample sizes The smaller sample, the greater the possibility that past lessons will be erroneously used to infer what will happen in the future 4-101 Self-Serving Biases and Endowment Effect Self-serving biases People often develop another persons behavior by making attributions, either to the person or to the situation There is a tendency to overvalue the role of personal or internal factors Underestimate the role of situational or external factors Endowment effect The tendency to overvalue something you own or believe you possess 4-102 Ignoring Others Cognitions and Reactive Devaluation Ignoring others cognitions Negotiators dont bother to ask about the other partys perceptions and thoughts This leaves them to work with incomplete information, and thus produces faulty results Reactive devaluation The process of devaluing the other partys concessions simply because the other party made them 4-103 Managing Misperceptions and Cognitive Biases in Negotiation The best advice that negotiators can follow is Be aware of the negative aspects of these biases Discuss them in a structured manner within the team and with counterparts 4-104 Mood, Emotion, and Negotiation The peculiarity between mood and emotion is based on three characteristics Specificity military posture Duration 4-105 Mood, Emotion, and Negotiation Negotiations create both positive and negative emotions overconfident emotions by and large have positive onsequences for negotiations They are more likely to lead the parties toward more integrative processes They create a positive attitude toward the other side They promote persistence 4-106 Mood, Emotion, and Negotiation Aspects of the negotiation process can lead to positive emotions positive(p) feelings result from fair procedures during negotiation Positive feelings result from favorable so cial comparison 4-107 Mood, Emotion, and Negotiation disallow emotions generally have negative consequences for negotiations They may lead parties to define the situation as competitive or distributive They may undermine a negotiators ability to analyze the situation accurately, which adversely affects individual outcomes They may lead parties to escalate the conflict They may lead parties to retaliate and may thwart integrative outcomes Not all negative emotion has the same effect 4-108 Mood, Emotion, and Negotiation Aspects of the negotiation process can lead to negative emotions Negative emotions may result from a competitive mind-set Negative emotions may result from an impasse Negative emotions may result from the expectation of beginning a negotiation Effects of positive and negative emotion Positive feelings may generate negative outcomes Negative feelings may wake beneficial outcomes Emotions can be used strategically as negotiation gambits CHAPTER SIX conver se 4-110 conference in Negotiation Communication processes, both verbal and nonverbal, are critical to achieving negotiation goals and to resolving conflicts. 4-111 What is Communicated during Negotiation? Offers, counteroffers, and motives Information about alternatives Information about outcomes Social accounts Explanations of mitigating circumstances Explanations of exonerating circumstances Reframing explanations Communication about process 4-112 Communication in Negotiation Three Key Questions Are negotiators consistent or adaptive? Many negotiators prefer viscous with the familiar rather than venturing into improvisation Does it matter what is said early in the process? What negotiators do in the first half of the process has a significant impact on their ability to generate integrative solutions with high joint gains Is more information always better? There is separate that having more information does not automatically translate into better outcomes 4-113 How People Communicate n Negotiation Use of run-in operates at two levels Logical level (proposals, offers) Pragmatic level (semantics, syntax, style) Use of nonverbal communication Making eye contact Adjusting body position Nonverbally supporting or discouraging what the other says 4-114 How People Communicate in Negotiation Selection of a communication channel Communication is experienced differently when it occurs through different channels People negotiate through a variety of communication media by phone, in writing and increasingly through electronic channels or virtual negotiations Social bandwidth distinguishes one communication channel from another. the ability of a channel to carry and convey baneful social and relational cues from sender to receiver 4-115 How to Improve Communication in Negotiation Three main techniques 1. The use of questions 2. Listening 3. Role gust 4-116 How to Improve Communication in Negotiation Use of questions two basic categories Ma nageable questions cause attention or prepare the other persons thinking for further questions May I ask you a question? getting information How much will this cost? generating thoughts Do you have any suggestions for improving this? 4-117 How to Improve Communication in Negotiation Use of questions two basic categories Unmanageable questions cause difficulty Where did you get that dumb idea? give information Didnt you know we couldnt afford this? bring the discussion to a false conclusion Dont you think we have talked about this enough? 4-118 How to Improve Communication in Negotiation Listening three major forms 1. Passive listening Receiving the message while providing no feedback to the sender 2. Acknowledgment Receivers nod their heads, maintain eye ontact, or interject responses 3. Active listening Receivers restate or paraphrase the senders message in their own language 4-119 How to Improve Communication in Negotiation Role reversal Negotiators underst and the other partys positions by actively arguing these positions until the other party is convinced that he or she is understood Impact and supremacy of the role-reversal technique Research suggests that role reversal is a useful irradiation for improving communication and the accurate understanding and appreciation of the other partys position 4-120 Special Communication Considerations at the Close of Negotiations Avoiding mortal mistakes Keeping track of what you expect to happen Systematically guarding yourself against self-serving expectations Reviewing the lessons from feedback for similar decisions in the future Achieving closure Avoid surrendering important information needlessly Refrain from making dumb remarks CHAPTER SEVEN Finding and Using Negotiation Power 4-122 Why Is Power Important to Negotiators? Seeking power in negotiation arises from one of two perceptions 1. The negotiator believes he or she presently has less power than the other party. 2. The negot iator believes he or she needs more power than the other party. -123 A Definition of Power an actorhas power in a given situation (situational power) to the degree that he can satisfy the purposes (goals, desires, or wants) that he is attempting to fulfill in that situation Two perspectives on power Power used to dominate and control the other power over Power used to work together with the otherpower with 4-124 Major Sources of Power How People Acquire Power Informational sources of power Personal sources of power Power based on position in an organization Relationship-based sources of power Contextual sources of power 4-125 Informational Sources of Power Information is the most common source of power Derived from the negotiators ability to assemble and organize data to support his or her position, arguments, or desired outcomes A tool to challenge the other partys position or desired outcomes, or to undermine the effectiveness of the others negotiating arguments 4-126 Power Based on Personality and Individual Differences Personal penchant Cognitive orientation Ideologies about power Motivational orientation Specific motives to use power Disposition and skills Orientation to cooperation/competition example orientation Philosophical orientation to power use -127 Power Based on Position in an Organization Two major sources of power in an organization true power which is grounded in the title, duties, and responsibilities of a job translation and level within an organization hierarchy Power based on the control of resources associated with that position 4-128 Power Based on Position in an Organization Two major sources of power in an organization Legitimate power is derived from occupying a particular job, emplacement, or position in an organizational hierarchy Power resides in the title and responsibilities of the job itself and the legitimacy of the office holder Legitimate power is the foundation of our social structure and may be acquired by birth, election or appointment or procession 4-129 Power Based on Resource Control People who control resources have the capacity to give them to someone who will do what they want, and preserve them (or take them away) from someone who doesnt do what they want. 4-130 Power Based on Resource Control Some of the most important resources Money Supplies charitable capital Time Equipment Critical services Interpersonal support 4-131 Power Based on Relationships Goal interdependence How parties view their goals Referent power Based on an appeal to common experiences, common past, common fate, or membership in the same groups. lucres Power is derived from whatever flows through that particular location in the structure (usually information and resources) 4-132 An Organization Hierarchy 4-133 An organisational Network Isolated Dyad Star Gatekeeper Liaison immaterial Environment Linking Pin Isolate 4-134 Power Based on Relationships Key aspects of networks wagon-lit strength An indication of the strength or quality of relationships with others Tie content The resource that passes along the tie with the other person Network structure The overall set of relationships within a social system 4-135 Power Based on Relationships Aspects of network structure that determine power include Centrality Criticality and relevance Flexibility Visibility Membership in a coalition 4-136 Contextual Sources of Power Power is based in the context, situation or environment in which negotiations take place. BATNAs An alternative deal that a negotiator might pursue if she or he does not come to agreement with the current other party Culture Often contains implicit rules about use of power Agents, constituencies and external audiences All these parties can become actively involved in pressuring others 4-137 Dealing with Others Who Have more than Power Never do an all-or-nothing deal Make the other party smaller Make yourself bigger Build momentum through doing deals in sequence Use the power of competition to leverage power oblige yourself Good information is always a source of power Ask many questions to gain more information Do what you can to manage the process CHAPTER EIGHT Ethics in Negotiation 4-139 What Do We soused by Ethics and Why Do They Matter in Negotiation? Ethics Are broadly applied social standards for what is right r wrong in a particular situation, or a process for setting those standards Grow out of particular philosophies which Define the nature of the initiation in which we live Prescribe rules for living together 4-140 Resolving Moral Problems 4-141 Questions of Ethical Conduct that Arise in Negotiation Using ethically ambiguous tactics Its (mostly) all about the truth Identifying ethically ambiguous tactics and attitudes toward their use What ethically ambiguous tactics are there? Is it all right to use ethically ambiguous tactics? 4-142 Questions of Ethical Conduct that Arise in Negotiation Deception by omission versus commission

How the PisoNet Became Successful Essay

Piso dinero has been making preferably a buzz in the metro since early 2010, but its not solo until recently that the enterprise got the attention of business-minded folks. So what is Piso Net and how ar things from a business standpoint? Is it really a executable source of extra income? Piso Net is basically a merge of PC rental and colonnade rental work wherein customers can pay the services by inserting coins to the machine. The rate is typically 4mins/peso which also amounts to the typical meshwork Cafe at of Php15/hr. This rate can be tweaked higher or lower either to be more competitive and entice customers or gain more income by decreasing the minutes/pesoSo if theres not much difference in pricing, what is the wages of Piso Net over traditional Internet Cafes? Well some mesh cafes cause a fixed rates and minimum minutes of usage, this makes for not-so perfection scenario for budget-conscious Pinoys. And although the rate is the same, Piso Net offers a much flexible alternative that closely internet cafes done, and that is to have more control on how much beat and money a customer is willing to drop at a given while.The setup is rather simple with the bare PC pick are inside a wooden box similar to that of an Arcade machine or Videoke machine. Much like the Arcade machine, it is activated by inserting coin/s which triggers the machine. Once the time is consumed, the machine cuts off the divulge and will resume when a coin is inserted. The bottom wooden part inside the machine has a carved hole to collect the coins. What are the advantages compare to traditional inter caf?There are also new(prenominal) providers who offer the same configuration for a cheaper price. Depending on your market, which is most of the time your neighbors, you can choose a configuration that suits your markets inevitably (internet, gaming and/or document editing). Need slight to say that gauging your market and choosing the the right way configuration is cru cial to the success of the business and the amount of time to spend to return the enthronization. We did some research on how things are going on a revenue standpoint. We interviewed a housewife married to an OFW who runs a 3 Piso Net units business for little over six months now.She got it for Php20,000 apiece and fit(p) it in small space inside their house. According to her the monthly revenue averages at Php17,000/mo. If we break down on a per week and per day, the revenues averages at Php4,265 and Php610 respectively. So a Piso Net unit generates more or less Php5,600/month, Php1,410/week and Php200 a day.This revenue is based on 167 operation on a not-so developed are In price of cost of operation, she said that the 3 units electricity consumption amounts to Php2,700/month and Php1,000 for the internet service. Since shes not paying for the location, the total cost of operation sole(prenominal) sums to Php3,700/month. So if we deduct the TCO from the monthly average revenu e (17,000 3,700), youd have an average net revenue of Php13,300/month. At this pace, the turnaround for the return of investment is only 5 months. Another benefit of Piso Net is that it requires less confinement to maintain unlike with Internet Cafes. All the personnel need to do is to make sure that he/she has more than enough stock of 1 peso coins and units are pretty much on auto-pilot. I only wish that the future iteration of the machine supports coin amounts bigger than a Peso because it can be a pain in the screw to drop a coin every now and then.

Personal Statement University MBA program

It is no more new that the worlds most initiative providers ar product of MBA graduate. It is only a man full of vision without rush volition continue to aspire achievement from distant without pushing onwards into a reality. In the course of my seven years of experience in finance as well as extensive k right awayledge in areas of accounting, capital investment analysis, I discovered a huge emergency to study more in business education, and become a conscious professional. When the choice of institution arises, I have got not to doubt the products of Hamline University from where I also graduated three years ago with evident of admirably testimonies displaced in my work place over the years.From findings, Hamline Universitys degree syllabus is such an outstanding ace. It is full of current need of a fat chip company who re all(prenominal)y strives to maintain standard and leverage proficiency among equals. This definitely must have been mapped out from substantive report s of continual research. In line with the aim of the institution, Hamline Uiversitys MBA program became interesting to attend when Linda Hanson, Hamline President, declares that the program is aimed at producing the best trait in business education that will also radiates an excellent aura of critical thinking skills of a wise to(p) person. I sincerely believed this is of much important to a leader to limit up good leadership skills in the present world where the make bold need for one is yet unresolved.I have a vision, a mission coupled with the direction of a platform to fulfill the vision. It is all about becoming a professional in strategic management. tour studying Master of Art in forethought, courses like Foundations in Management & Leadership, Human Resource Management for Business and Managerial communications most especially sustain the aged passion to live a newsboy in strategic management. With the recent diagnosis of integration inadequateness as the major cha llenge to MBA programs in Hamline University (Dean Julian Schuster), the new mesmerism to blend the business education into four 16-week module plus one 16-week specialization session seems promising.Further more, the plan to amalgamate finance, accounting, marketing and trading operations with leadership development and strategic analysis and ethical practices will suffice out in the corporate business. The proposed curriculum seems to be a subsequence of my exposure during the Master program. I consider it a privilege to be part of the pioneering students of such great plan and bright prospect.A take industry like Hp Company has a well grounded strategic management as its engine. This is the open secret of success. Strategic management enhances naughty degree of perfection in harmonizing working-team to work out a rear within stipulated expectation. Strategic management is simply the science of drafting, implementing and analyzing decisions from different angles to fix hom e the objectives of an organization. It involves execution of policies and principles to achieve organizational purpose.It therefore combines the activities of various serviceable areas of business to achieve unified goal. It is the peak in management carrier performed by the Chief Executive Officer and the designated team(s). With the understanding of the high take of responsibilities and commitments required of my area of interest strategic management, it is criminal to remain unbolted with the professional skills necessary for good service delivery to humanity and God. I hereby write to continue the mentoring I earlier enjoyed in Hamline University, now in the direction of Master in Business Administration. Your anticipated experimental condition is appreciated.

“Cathedral” written by Raymond Carver Essay

In the story Cathedral scripted by Raymond Carver, it seems that stereotypes of the invention form barriers between the blind and the sighted. The opus in the story has always had misconceptions of the blind which came from the movies (Carver 1). The title, Cathedral, is significant because it helps the art object escort the life of Robert. As Robert, the blind cosmos, entered his life, it was hard for the man to form all bond with Robert due to his visual impairment. The man even created a depiction in his mind of what Robert would come across like, and how he would act. This is because the man has never had individually interaction with a blind person, making him have preconceived ideas close(predicate) Robert.Having Robert stay at the mans house left the man feeling quite uneasy. Not hardly was Robert a threat to his wife, he excessively thought that Robert may be a hassle to betray with. The man stated, I wasnt enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. An d his being blind bothered me (Carver 1). Because the man had such(prenominal) strong images in his mind about Robert, the start-off time he saw Robert caught him by surprise. Roberts appearance was not unordinary, and did not look like a blind person. He wore brown slacks, brown shoes, a light brown shirt, a tie, a sports coat. Spiffy (Carver 32). At this point, the mans ideas about the blind peoples appearance had been contradicted.When the man realized that his assumptions about Robert were false, and that they truly sh atomic number 18d some things in common, he began to feel more comfortable with Robert, even being, glad for the company (Carver 84). This is the first time the man was being polite and friendly to Robert. Soon after, a bond between Robert and the man had begun after a program about cathedrals came on the television. The man becomes aware that, There were times when the Englishman who was telling the thing would shut up, would simply let the camera move aroun d everyplace the cathedrals (Carver 92). The silence in the room became awkward for him because he realized that Robert did not know what was happening when the narrator stopped speaking.Since the mans stereotypes were graduation to shed during the cathedral conversation, the man came more open with Robert, and realized that Robert is not much different from the rest of society. The two of them began to compare how well each of them envisioned the cathedrals. Robert gave facts that were heard tight off the television, demonstrating his limited knowledge. The man also attempted to describe this cathedrals, theyre really big,(Carver 100) he explains, theyre monolithic(Carver 100). At this point, he understood just how little he actually knew about the cathedrals, even with a picture right in bowel movement of him. Now the man is awakened to his newly, humbled, equal position along cheek Robert, with the help of the cathedral.With the mans stereotypes diminishing, he became to trust Robert and is giving him a chance to build a relationship. When Robert brought up the idea for the man to frame the cathedral out as Robert follows, the man was able to appreciate what blind people go through. When he finished the drawing, Robert said, Well are you looking?(Carver 125) The man replied, Its really something(Carver 126). The man had allowed himself to experience, even if for just a some minutes, what Robert experiences every second of his life. This was the same man, who only a few hours ago did not want Robert to be in his house.Overcoming prejudices, fears, and misconceptions are only possible when you allow yourself to get close to a person who these feelings are directed towards. By the man becoming close with Robert, he was heart-to-heart to see what was necessary to gain an understanding of what life is like for a blind man, with the help of the vision of the cathedral. The man began to draw the cathedral to correct and help Robert visualize what one looked like. What he did not realize is that Robert was actually helping him visualize what blindness felt like.

To What Extent Was Slavery the Cause of the American Civil War?

In the context of the period 1763-1865, how far was the the Statesn cultivated state of war caused by big term divisions oer the tell apart of slaveholding? In his second inaugural address in March 1865, Abraham capital of Nebraska looked back at the beginning of the obliging War four geezerhood earlier all knew, he said, that thraldom was somehow the cause of the war. This kindlevas will endeavour to discuss the role of foresighted term divisions caused by the thrall debate in the eventual outbreak of the elegant War.In doing so this analysis will encompass the period amidst the birth of the res publica beginning with the start of the the Statesn Revolution in 1763 and the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865. This being a period in which the new independent republic postulated with its state placement, with apiece of the former colonies possessing the rights to a material level of self-g eachwherenance that inevitably led to disagreements and conflicts o f interest.One much(prenominal) conflict was the disagreement all over slavery which James Ford, homogeneous capital of Nebraska, believes was crucial in creating a wee-wee northeastern- sulfur divide that would eventually lead to the Civil War. Whilst recognising slaverys overwhelming contribution to the outbreak of the American civil war in 1861, peerless must acknowledge alternative chemical elements beyond slavery, which contributed to the republics descent towards armed conflict. Revisionists much(prenominal) as William Gienapp and William Freehling focuse the governanceal contribution to the outbreak of the war and the check of naval divisional ideology on ante bellum politics.It was this differing ideology that created the tensions between grey and Yankee parties creating governmental chaos during the 1850s, the northward believing they were straining to pitch democracy whilst the entropy campaigned for increased States rights, all of which provoked the outbreak of war. As vigorous as the huge-term divisions over slavery and the short term political contributions to the outbreak of war, historians such as Charles and Mary whiskers placed emphasis on the organic differences between the northern and southbound frugal corpses, cut the clean-living and political contributions.This analysis will argue that eventually the issue of slavery was the main reason for the outbreak of war in 1861 even so the short term political blunders and stroke of the political system created a chaos that made war inevit adapted. Had the American political system thrived, the divisions over slavery could pose been resolved without war being waged. Slavery is the moral dimension that lies at the heart of the historiographical debate. James Ford Rhodes identified slavery as the central and virtually only cause of the war. If the Negro had non been brought to America, he wrote, the Civil War could non be in possession of occurred. Introducin g slavery to America created differences of opinion between the North and the southbound, on the morality of slavery. It was these differences that created tensions between the regions and ultimately fuelled the outbreak of war in 1861. The Fed agel climate was not suit to plantation agriculture which resulted in Congress passing an Ordinance in 1787, keeping slavery out of the North West Territory.The Union thought insisted that the second was ruled by a ruthless Slave mightiness which, conspiratorial in its methods, consisted of slaveholding planters and political leaders who were find to transfigure the whole United States in to a nation of masters and slaves. The hostile attitude of southerners arising from the decision by Chief Justice Taney in the Dred Scott upshot of 1857 that all blacks, slave as well as supererogatory, were not and could not be citizens of the United States increased rather than allayed northerly suspicions.This conspiracy, as the northerlyers believed it to be, was basically an aristocracy founded upon these principles that slavery was not morally wrong, it is a right feature by the slaveholder, and that it is constitutional. Admitting minute as a slave state and introducing the romp Slave Act in the Compromise of 1850, only exacerbated Northern suspicions which is illustrated done and through what John Rankin believed, The Slave Power has already seized upon the General Government, and has overthr experience the rights of Free Statesthe struggle between the slave and complimentary institutions is for institution.They argon antagonistic principles and cannot exist long together one or the other must fall. Slave office heightened through media moulds such as the non-abolitionist Cincinnati Daily Commercial claiming There is such a thing as THE SLAVE POWER encouraged the Northern populace that action needed to be taken against the to the south in beau monde to preserve the existence of their personal liberty. On the other hand, some Confederateers like historian Ulrich Bonner Phillips, judgmented slavery as a hierarchic state thus making it wholesome practice.Phillips recalls setting off to school as a young child and burdened by the prospect that his dim companion was able to play all day long. According to Hugh Tulloch, the Southerners had evolved a unique form of loving relations based on slavery whereby the masters role was es moveially paternal, without slavery the black would all lapse into African savagery. It is this view and that of Edward Channings, the slaves were often happier than their masters that appears so ill-shapen in comparison to the Northern interpretation on slavery.It was this that became an important grammatical constituent in consolidating antislavery sentiment in the North, thus widening the voiceal happy chance between the North and South. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. I cannot call back when I did not so think and feel. Lincolns vie w on the peculiar institution further heightened the issue as Southern states regarded his election as a curse to their power, and provoked the secession of South Carolina from the Union, shadowed by a further 10 states.Modern primitiveists such as James McPherson and Eric Foner similarly describe the two sections as different and deeply antagonistic societies agreeing that slavery was the root of that antagonism. The Norths commitment to capitalism and modernisation, these scholars explained, was the context for abolitionism and for the free labour ideology of Abraham Lincolns Republican ships company. The Souths commitment to agriculture and slave assiduity was reflected in the regions distinctive cult of honour, its preoccupation with localism and states rights, and its defense of social in par.Had African slave trade been declargond il effectual long out front 1808, the million plus slaves that were in the USA in the early nineteenth century would not have existed, therefor e would have had no force on race influxes which stimulated an industrial and economic change, nor the geographical blowup which caused the conflict within the different states. Although Rhodes placed his greatest emphasis on the moral conflict over slavery, he suggested that the struggle in any case reflected fundamental differences between the Northern and Southern economic systems.In the 1920s, the idea of the war as an irrepressible economic rather than moral conflict received well-lined expression from Charles and Mary Beard, insisting there were inherent antagonisms between Northern Industrialists and Southern planters. Undoubtedly, the issue of slavery itself would not have created divisions and differences within the nation had someone, or a group of people spoke up and dual-lane their desire to maintain the gross evil of slavery thus the influence and the rise of abolitionists need to be taken in to account when assessing the actor of the war.Abolitionists were comm itted to the doctrine of moral suasion the idea that Southern slaveholders could be persuaded that slavery was morally wrong. Arguably, it was the abolitionists actions that publicised and brought slavery in to the political arena and through their anti-slavery postal campaign in 1835, the classless administration could not bar the issue. By building these campaigns, abolitionists turned themselves into an arrange movement, urging the national authorities to debate slavery and heightening the nations opinion on the institution.The Fugitive Slave Act in 1850, became one of the closely powerful weapons in the hands of the Abolitionist Movement. The organisation introduced a clause stating that fugitives from slave labour must be sent back to the South if captured in the North. It forced citizens to assist in the retrieval of fugitives and denied fugitives who claimed to be freemen the right to a fair jury trial. This caused outrage among the Northern black community who were no longer able to legally essay that they were free. Foner stated the act gave slavery what is called extra-territoriality, thus making slavery a national institution.Even though the Northern States could abolish slavery, they still could not avoid their Constitutional obligation to enforce the slave laws of the Southern States. The Act displace more attention to the inhumanity of slavery and caused increased tension between the North and the South. Northern whites resented having to be forced into hunting slaves against their will by the officials enforcing the Act. It was also significant because it dish uped to create legendary abolitionists and anti-slavery orators such as Frederick Douglas and henry Highland Garnet and generated the release of Uncle Toms Cabin in 1852 by Harriet Beecher.Beechers book expanded support and contributed to the outbreak of the war by personalising the political and economic arguments of slavery whilst providing depiction of the horrors of slavery. Installments were published weekly from June 1951 in an abolitionist newspaper. In November 1862, President Lincoln famously said, so you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this Great War. More importantly, the Act allowed Northerners who had everlastingly thought slavery was so far away to see it in person for the first time.This display of cruelty convinced more people of the evils of slavery and made them opposed to the Southern institution of slavery and the Act as it had now cemented slavery within the law. This increased support for the abolitionists cause would exacerbate the South and increased sectional tensions. Despite slavery existing in America since the 1600s, economic and social paths taken by the North and the South increasingly began to change towards the 1800s and as a result created significant sectional differences between the states.Southerners did not necessarily go to war to defend slavery, nor did northerners go to war to end it. It is of ten suggested that we have ignored the well-known facts that most southerners did not own slaves and that most northerners shared the eras anti-Semite(a) attitudes. After all, only about 25% of southern white families owned slaves and 50% of these owned less than 5 slaves. Consequently, one must figure the basic differences between the economies and the practical issues that divided the sectional leaders.Charles and Mary Beard came to the conclusion that there had existed an irrepressible conflict between a static, agrarian South and the expanding, industrialising North. The Beards insisted that inherent antagonisms between Northern industrialists and Southern planters contributed to the outbreak of war. massive changes in transport help to explain the inelegant and industrial changes. The teaching of steamboats revolutionised travel on the great rivers by 1850 over 700 steamships were operating on the Mississippi and its tributaries and the North were able to boast more than two-thirds of the railroad tracks in the country.Less than one in ten Americans lived in towns in 1820 one in quint did so by 1860, but it was this urbanisation that was more frequent in the North as opposed to the South with the percentage of population living in towns of 2500 or more being 26% in 1859 on Northern states, compared to only 10% in the Southern states. impertinent the South, the North had a growing number of immigrants between 1830 and 1860 most of the five million immigrants to the USA settled in the North. Slave labour was the bottom of a prosperous economic system in the South.In 1793 the institution of the cotton wool gin revolutionised the region it is significant to recognise the family relationship between the invention of the cotton gin and when cotton became Americas leading line up with the number of slaves in the South. In 1790 America produced 1,500 pounds of cotton. By 1815 production had reached over 100,000 pounds and in 1848, production exceede d an astonishing 1,000,000 pounds. Simultaneously, slavery spread across the profound South as the cotton engine fuelled slave labour, pushing the North and Souths industrial methods even further apart.By itself, the Souths economic enthronization in slavery could easily explain the willingness of Southerners to risk war when approach with what they viewed as a serious threat to their peculiar institution later on the electoral victories of the Republican Party and President Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Economically, the taxes on imported and exported goods contributed greatly to the North- South divide. From the time of the first Congress in 1789 to the outbreak of the Civil War there was dissension between the Northern and the Southern states over the matter of protective tariffs, or import duties on manufacture goods.Northern industries wanted high tariffs in order to protect their factories and labourers from cheaper European products. Demanding that American labourers shall be protected against the pauper labour of Europe, tariff proponents argued that the taxes gave employment to thousands of mechanics, artisans and labourers. The enormous majority of American industry was located in the Northern states, whereas the economies of the agricultural Southern states were based on the export of raw materials and the importation of manufactured goods.The South held fewer manufacturing concerns, and southerners had to pay higher prices for goods in order to subsidise Northern profits. The collected tariffs were used to fund public projects in the North such as improvements to roads, harbours and rivers. From 1789 to 1845, the North received five times the fall of money that was spent on southern projects, Sectional legislation, such as subsidies to ship-owners and manufacturers, took money from the pockets of the planters and farmers and transferred it to the pocket of Northern capitalists. This economic policy heightened tensions and exacerbated the section al disagreements over the best type of governance. The stark differences in their economies resulted in supporting all the Democrats or Whigs which brings in to play the revisionist interpretation that political blunders and the breakdown of the system ultimately divided the sections, increasing their hostility to one another. The structure of American politics and the antebellum party realignment provides a way to assess the relationship between the American political system and the origins of the war.Modern revisionists like Stampp attempt to experience the eventualities of antebellum politics, placing emphasis on the shared values of the North and South and the failure of political leaders to reach compromises which could have averted war. Erin Foner argued the sexual climax of the Civil war constituted the greatest failure of American democracy the attack of sectional ideology into the political system brought about the war. The fundamental issues can be traced back to the standoff over sovereignty during the American Revolution, and from this creation era the disagreement over how much authority the national government should have on the one hand and how much sovereignty and independency the individual states should retain on the other began. An unworkable arrangement followed, whereby states seek to coordinate a national war effort, a national economy, and a national government without sacrificing their individual sovereignty.However, continental currency became worthless and states became free to do their own thing. Shays Rebellion in 1786-87, occurred as a remonstration to rising debt and economic chaos and due to the failure of the national government was unable to gather a combined military force amongst the states to help put down the rebellion. This was a catalyst for the Founding Fathers to scrap the Articles of partnership and devise a new Constitution. However, the Constitution contained a number of render that strengthened the forces of sectional division within the nation.It was the American political system that was particularly vulnerable to sectional strains and tensions and thus the Civil War was able to occur within a particular political framework. William Gienapp believes it was the Constitutions provision for amendment that significantly contributed to the outbreak of war. The constitutions equivocalness on whether Congress could impose conditions on a new state or refuse to admit a new state to the Union became a source of controversy which stimulated the growing conflict between the sections.More important, believed Gienapp, was the ambiguity of whether a state had the right to leave the Union. It was this silence that contributed to the debate over secession as it allowed Southerners to plausibly maintain that secession was a legal right of each state, and thus fuelled Southern extremism. policy-making blunders from the 1820s widened sectional differences, check to Gabor Boritt the crystallisation of rival sectional ideologies orientated towards protecting white equality and opportunity. Each section began to see the other as a threat to its vital social, political and economic interests. A view had been produced that one section or the other has to be dominant. The Missouri Compromise, so Rodger Ramson believed, allowed in the long term, the right of Congress to pass legislation allowing or prohibiting slavery in the western territories. However in 1854 the Kansas Nebraska Act nullified the Missouri Compromise and is claimed to be a political miscalculation of massive proportions. Alan Nevins designate the entire episode as a disaster.The political effect of this Act were enormous, irrevocably splitting the Whig Party. Every northern Whig had opposed the tiptop almost every southern Whig voted for it and due to the competition of the Know-Nothing party and their failure to respond to nativist concerns, the party was effectively killed off. With the emotional issue of sl avery involved, there was no common ground to be found and Northern Whigs reorganised themselves to become the Republican Party committed to blocking westwards expansion of slavery. Animosity between the North and South was again on the rise.The North felt that if the Compromise of 1820 was ignored, the Compromise of 1850 could be ignored as well. The Dred Scott case in 1957 brought the Missouri Compromise in conflict with the twenty percent Amendment that upheld that no one be deprived of his or her right to life, liberty, and property. governmental historian, Michael Holt notes, The issue that drove the deepest wedge between North and South in the two decades before the Civil War was not the institution of slavery itself, but the question of whether slavery should be allowed to expand westwards beyond the boundaries of the slave states. Without the discipline of a strong party system, more communicative views on slavery and secession began to be heard. Holt declares that the b reakdown of the party system, no longer operating on economic issues, allowed demagogues to arise who accentuated the differences between North and South. Politicians in both sections kept the country in constant rumpus and whipped up popular emotions for the selfish purpose of winning elections thereby livery about the Civil War. Lincoln declared before his unanimous nomination, A house divided against itself cannot stand.I believe this Government cannot endure permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved- I dont expect the house to fall- but I do expect it will cease to be divided. Despite Holt placing emphasis on the breakdown of the second party system, Stampp focuses on Lincolns actions as president, inviting by his proposition a war of sections Thus Mr Lincoln invites a war between the free States and the slave States, a war between North and the South, for the purpose of either exterminating slavery in every Southern state, or planting i t in every Northern State. The existence of national political parties became increasingly focused on the contest for Presidency. The coming of the war In April 1861 was seen as both sides waging war in an attempt to save democracy as they understood it. For southern secessionists, at situation was the right of self-government and the fundamental right of southern whites to declare their own destiny. For the North, the war was a struggle to uphold the democratic principles of law and order and majority rule, as well as preserving the Union, which they believed was inseparably linked to democracy.Boritt noted, few northerners failed to appreciate the fundamental irony that they were ready to kill their fellow Americans in order to prove democracy was a workable form of government. Due to this rivalry of sectional ideologies, each came to think that one section or the other had to be dominant. Residents of each section feared the other, and before the animal(prenominal) fighting th e sectional conflict represented a struggle for control of the nations future. On December 20, 1860, in response to Lincolns victory, South Carolina seceded from the Union.By the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1861, six more states had also seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. Ramson states, the attempt by the southern states to create a Confederacy separate from the American Union failed because the slave society of the South was unable to sustain an effort in the face of a determined foe. The promise of eliminating slavery eventually provided a unifying force in arrears the Norths efforts to hold the union together. In conjunction with the fight for democracy, revisionists like Holt, Gienapp and William W.Freehling have focused on those political debates within each section that do not fit into the a direct archives of the slavery controversy. Political historians have shown Northern voters were preoccupied with and motivated by issues such as nativism sl avery was not their overriding concern and did not explain their voting behaviour. The Southern electorate, too, was deeply divided on the derriere of class, economic setting, and sub-region. The differences between the Upper South and the Deep South in particular make it dangerous to generalise broadly about the fundamental nature of Southern Society.When historians assert that slavery caused the Civil War, most are saying that only the presence of the peculiar institution made it unsufferable to resolve peacefully the constitutional, political, and economic issues that had long animated sectional tensions. Conversely, Historians like Jefferson Davis have been keen to refute the argument that the war was caused by the long term divisions of slavery and support the political argument that it was the Republican Party that engineered the war by furthering Northern political and economic aggrandisement against the South.As currently as the question of slavery expansion in to western territories entered the political agenda, voters were unwilling to drop the issue without protest but when waging war, the North and the South were fighting for what they believed to be a democracy and were motivated by nativism to surpass the opposition which posed threat and disunion to their democracy. To conclude, the divisions over slavery in America ultimately contributed to the outbreak of war in 1861. This long term factor influenced the economic and social paths taken by both Northern and Southern States during the 1800s and as a result widened sectional differences.This greatly impacted the American political system resulting in the breakdown of the two-party system through blunders made by politicians in the 1850s in an attempt to win elections and save their democracy. This breakdown heightened tensions between the two sections and was exacerbated by the increasing influence of the abolitionist movement from 1830s onwards. It would be a limited assumption to deem the suspension of the Civil War purely on the divisions of slavery, as many fought in an attempt to save their own democracy.However, had slavery never been introduced in to American civilization the nation would never have been divided over the institution, the economic paths taken by both North and South wouldnt have been so diverse, thus eliminating political differences and an abolitionist movement would never have been formed. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 . Hugh Tulloch, The debate on the American Civil War era, p. 110. 2 . James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, p. 3 .Kenneth M. Stampp, The Causes of the Civil War, p. 21. 4 . Ibid. , p. 23. 5 . Hugh Tulloch, The debate on the American Civil War Era, p. 37. 6 . Ibid. ,p. 35 7 . Ibid. , p. 38 8 . Ibid. , p. 37 9 . Eric Foner, Politics and political orientation in the age of the Civil War, p. 35. 10 . Charles and Mary Beard, The rise of Americ an Civilization, p. 11 . Hugh Tulloch, The debate on the American Civil War Era, p. 12 . Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the age of the Civil War, p. 61. 13 .Kenneth M. Stampp, The causes of the Civil War p 93 14 . Ibid. , p. 86. 15 . Eric Foner, 17 . Gabor S. Boritt, wherefore the Civil War Came, p. 18 . Roger L. Ransom, Conflict and Compromise The Political thrift of Slavery, Emancipation, and the American Civil War, p. 19 . Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (Baton Rouge lanthanum State University Press, 1992), p. 4. 20 . Kenneth Stampp, The causes of the Civil War p

Australia – the Unknown Southern Land

The Unknown southwesterlyern Land Even in medieval generation there were stories about a large continent in the Southerh Hemisphere. hardly Europeans had never seen it. They wondered what it was like and whether it inhabited. They called this solid ground terra australis incognita 1 or the unknown confederationer land Australia. Nowdays when people speak of Australia they can mean leash things 1) Australia as a continent 2) Australia as an island and 3) Australia as an indenendent country. Australia is the worlds largest island and its smallest continent. Asia is the continent ne a pass off to Australia in the north.The icy shorts of Australia lie to the south. New Zealand is to the east. To the west of Australia stretches the vast Inddian Ocean. In the east the continent is washed by the Pacific Ocean. Australia is a land of striking differences. In the centre of the continent and in the west much thab 50% of the land is desert dry and uninhabited. There atomic number 18 three the Great Sandy Desert, the Great Victoria Desert and the Gibson Desert? Situattd in the midst of them. Naturally very few people peppy there. Most of them live on the narrow coasts of the tast and southeast. Main cities, where people live among tall means buildings?Automobile plants and busy factories, are situated there. In the nothearst? Tropical forests dispense the coast. In the mountains of the southeast the snow lies for ceven months of the year. Australia is divided into six states and two territories. 1terra australis incognita (Latin) tera austr? l? s ? nk??? ta New South Wales is Australias booster cable indastrial state. Most people live along the east coast, and most of them are in Sydney. Sydney is also the largest city in Australia. It was founded on January 26, 1788. It is a sanely and indastrial city. Population of 3,700,000. In Victoria most people live in the south.Melbourne is the cfpital of the state and the largest city. Sheep and peaches and apric ots are grown along the Muurray River. Population about 3,200,000 Queensland is Australias certify largest state. Drisbane, its uppercase, is . sitbated on the east coast. It is important export center exportihg wool, meat, wheat, sugar. Population all everywhere 1 mln people. Queensland has long beatifull sahdy beaches. Its coast is a popular place for holidaymakers. The mood along the east coast is hot and humid. It is the tropical tree of Australia. Bananas and another(prenominal) tropical fruits are grown here. Most of the land in the south is too dry for farming.Some of Australias unprodnctive desert lands occupy the bigger ramify of the state. The state of Western Australia is dry and inhospitable except the southwestern corner of the state. Nearly all of the states farms, sheep stations and fruit gardens are situated there. The rest of the state is dry desert land with very few towns or lonely cattle stations. South Australia is the third largest state. Most of South A ustralias people, farms and diligence are in the southeastern pert of the state. Adelaide is the capital and the largest city. Population over 1 mln people. It is a large center exporting wine.Most of South Australia is too dry for farming. Farming very much depends on irrigation1 or underground water. Some of Australias most unprodnctive desery lands 1 irrigation ? r? ? e?? n 2 nectaries nekt? r? nz occupy the greater part of the state. Wheat and fruit (apricots, pears, peaches, nectaries2 and grapes) are grown along the lower part of the Muurray River. Tasmania, the island, is sometimes called the apple islet becaus it produces most of Australias apples. Tasmania is one of the few plaaces in Australia that have enough rainwater all year. Tasmania is Australias leading produes of pears and berries of different kinds.Potates are also grown in some areas. Northern Territory is the least populated and least true part of Australia. Crocodiles still live in some of the twamps along t he coast. Darwin is its capital and the only large settlement in the norsth. Population of about 70,000. Alice Springs, in the main called Alice of the Alice, is th eonly town in the south. The capital of Australia is Canberra. The city doesnt belong to any(prenominal) state. It is situated on the Australian Capital Territory, which occupies an area of 2,432 square kilometres. It was builting in 1923-1927. Population of about 300,000.

Organizational Development: Discussion Questions

workweek Five Discussion Questions Deep-level abilities are closely related to job performance. As a manager, how could you use the knowledge that people differ to increase the likelihood an employee will perform his or her job well? What challenges does this pose when managing a diverse workforce? * As a supervisor it is my job to force a peaceful and productive atmosphere. I have many distinct types of employees that differ from age, knowledge, race and gender.Not all of my employees put up along with each diverse but they each hold their own abilities and skills. I fit the abilities in concert where they are needed and match the best I force out as if their personalities are like Legos. It is a constant tug of war as it never fits exactly. * Employees often see change as threatening. What are round(a) of the sources of resistance to change, and what brush off you as a manager do to cross that resistance? * There are numerous reasons why employees resist change. 1.Loss o f speculate is thought of, Bad communication occurs normally (You may not chafe the entire story / Rumors occur) fear of the unknown Lack of Competence and vile timing. What role does diversity play in managing change? What are several(prenominal) possible strategies for managing diversity? What trance does diversity training have on organizations? * Diversity is a range of different things or a variety. I would believe that diversity and change would walk hand & hand. You can manage diversity through the hiring process and repeated education.Socratic Seminar QuestionsThe wreak in education is a positive and will convey the pass on if only the education is enforced during normal business. Does the type of change be planned affect the strategy for managing the change? Explain and provide an example. * deepen should always have a well-planned strategy before implementing. You should also oversee the situation so you can help employees adapt. If you walk into the office an d alone throw out changes without having proper answersOrganizational Development Discussion Questions calendar week Five Discussion Questions Deep-level abilities are closely related to job performance. As a manager, how could you use the knowledge that people differ to increase the likelihood an employee will perform his or her job well? What challenges does this pose when managing a diverse workforce? * As a supervisor it is my job to affect a peaceful and productive atmosphere. I have many different types of employees that differ from age, knowledge, race and gender.Not all of my employees get along with each separate but they each hold their own abilities and skills. I fit the abilities unneurotic where they are needed and match the best I can as if their personalities are like Legos. It is a constant tug of war as it never fits exactly. * Employees often see change as threatening. What are some of the sources of resistance to change, and what can you as a manager do to ge t the better of that resistance? * There are numerous reasons why employees resist change. 1.Loss of agate line is thought of, Bad communication occurs normally (You may not get the entire story / Rumors occur) fear of the unknown Lack of Competence and scummy timing. What role does diversity play in managing change? What are some possible strategies for managing diversity? What influence does diversity training have on organizations? * Diversity is a range of different things or a variety. I would believe that diversity and change would walk hand & hand. You can manage diversity through the hiring process and repeated education.Socratic Seminar QuestionsThe influence in education is a positive and will convey the center if only the education is enforced during normal business. Does the type of change universe planned affect the strategy for managing the change? Explain and provide an example. * exchange should always have a well-planned strategy before implementing. You sho uld also manage the situation so you can help employees adapt. If you walk into the office and bonny throw out changes without having proper answers

Business and Administration

Unit deuce-ace Principles of managing instruction and producing documents estimation You should uptake this file to exculpate your Assessment. The first affair you divvy up to do is save a replicate of this document, either onto your reckoner or a disk Then puzzle away through your Assessment, recall to save your take to the woods regularly When youve finished, print out a double to keep for identifyence Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your blameless Assessment to your four-in-hand via your My Study bea make certainly it is clearly marked with your name, the configuration title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this Assessment document has 5 pages and is made up of 4 contri thoions. Name Patricia Hayton Section 1 render the plan of reading technology in a telephone line environs 1. In relation to your current clientele environment (or one that you be familiar with), identify at least both different types of knowled ge technology that whitethorn be apply when complemental work tasks. contrive processing Databases Information exchange 2.What are the bene fit ins to businesses (and others) of victimization information technology for doing work tasks? The benefits are- share information speedily and economically ameliorate work Cost effective Communicate introduction wide tractability New possibilities More productive Section 2 Understand how to cover electronic and write up-based information 1. explain the purpose of accepting objectives and deadlines when tone information. If possible, refer to specific examples from research tasks you have worked on to support your solve.It is important to agree objectives and deadlines when researching information so that everybody knows when a task has to be completed by and what it has got to say. It my hold information that helps make business decisions. It help focus on task and bread botch resources. The business may be un efficient if n ot agreed. If you do not agree deadlines and objectives in tasks you may waste time looking up unneeded information. 2. Identify the different ways of researching, organising and reporting information. a) For your admit organisation (or one you know well), describe the procedures that need to be followed when archiving, retrieving and deleting information. Your answer should cover procedures for both electronic and paper-based information. 3b) When quest the procedures outline in scruple 3a above, are there any wakeless fatalitys to cut into? Yes you must consider - data protection act 1998 Retention periods effort specific legal requirements 4. Why is confidentiality critical when managing information?Confidentiality is critical when managing information as it is a legal requirement and may show the business as incompetent and slack if not managed and could lead to the business gap the law. Section 3 Understand the purpose of producing documents that are fit for purpose 1. Identify at least two reasons for producing documents that are fit for purpose. 2. wasting disease the table down the stairs to describe some of the different types and styles of documents that are produced in a business environment, and then explain when these different options may be used. Documents When they are used Inform clients of purchases reports Share budgets with investors and share holders To track gold going in and out Accounting documents Fast way to cover documents in paper format fax Very formal, permanent written document that slew be sent to clients Business letter but not as quick as some documents. Section 4 Know the procedures to be followed when producing documentsIn most organisations, time is taken to agree the purpose, content, layout, select standards and deadlines for the production of documents. What are the reasons for doing this level of planning? To know what the customer wants vacate problems Provide the rectify information Present in a tenacious steps 2. Businesses provide spend time manipulateing finished documents for accuracy and correctness. a) How is this through? Can use word processing which will check spell and grammer but may not pick up all mistakes. take up through the documents to check for grammer and spelling mistakes b) Why is this done? To make sure the document is fit for purpose and is what the client wants with no spelling or grammer mistakes. 3.Explain the purpose of following confidentiality and data protection procedures when preparing documents. It is a good estimable business practice, 4. In business environments, there is often a requirement to use notes as the basis for text edition and documents. a) Compare the different types of documents that smoke be produced from notes and let in a description of the format of each document. b) Explain the procedures to be followed when preparing text from notes. Purpose of document Format of d ocument clarity Details Facts formerly you have completed all 4 Sections of this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.Business and AdministrationUnit three Principles of managing information and producing documents Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When youve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this Assessment document has 5 pages and is made up of 4 Sections. Name Patricia Hayton Section 1 Understand the purpose of information technology in a business environment 1. In relation to your curre nt business environment (or one that you are familiar with), identify at least two different types of information technology that may be used when completing work tasks. Word processing Databases Information exchange 2.What are the benefits to businesses (and others) of using information technology for doing work tasks? The benefits are- share information quickly and efficiently Improve work Cost effective Communicate world wide Flexibility New possibilities More productive Section 2 Understand how to manage electronic and paper-based information 1. Explain the purpose of agreeing objectives and deadlines when researching information. If possible, refer to specific examples from research tasks you have worked on to support your answer.It is important to agree objectives and deadlines when researching information so that everybody knows when a task has to be completed by and what it has got to say. It my hold information that helps make business decisions. It help focus on task and stops waste resources. The business may be un efficient if not agreed. If you do not agree deadlines and objectives in tasks you may waste time looking up unneeded information. 2. Identify the different ways of researching, organising and reporting information. a) For your own organisation (or one you know well), describe the procedures that need to be followed when archiving, retrieving and deleting information. Your answer should cover procedures for both electronic and paper-based information. 3b) When following the procedures outlined in Question 3a above, are there any legal requirements to consider? Yes you must consider - data protection act 1998 Retention periods Industry specific legal requirements 4. Why is confidentiality critical when managing information?Confidentiality is critical when managing information as it is a legal requirement and may show the business as inefficient and slack if not managed and could lead to the business breaking the law. Section 3 Understand the purpose of producing documents that are fit for purpose 1. Identify at least two reasons for producing documents that are fit for purpose. 2. Use the table below to describe some of the different types and styles of documents that are produced in a business environment, and then explain when these different options may be used. Documents When they are used Inform clients of purchases reports Share budgets with investors and share holders To track funds going in and out Accounting documents Fast way to transit documents in paper format fax Very formal, permanent written document that can be sent to clients Business letter but not as quick as some documents. Section 4 Know the procedures to be followed when producing documentsIn most organisations, time is taken to agree the purpose, content, layout, quality standards and deadlines for the production of documents. What are the reasons for doing this level of planning? To know what th e customer wants Avoid problems Provide the right information Present in a logical steps 2. Businesses will spend time checking finished documents for accuracy and correctness. a) How is this done? Can use word processing which will check spelling and grammer but may not pick up all mistakes. Read through the documents to check for grammer and spelling mistakes b) Why is this done? To make sure the document is fit for purpose and is what the client wants with no spelling or grammer mistakes. 3.Explain the purpose of following confidentiality and data protection procedures when preparing documents. It is a good ethical business practice, 4. In business environments, there is often a requirement to use notes as the basis for text and documents. a) Compare the different types of documents that can be produced from notes and include a description of the format of each document. b) Explain the procedures to be followed when preparing text from notes. Purpose of document Format of doc ument Clarity Details Facts Once you have completed all 4 Sections of this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.