Methods of Refrigeration: Literature Review

Methods of Refrigeration Literature appraiseREVIEW OF LITERATURE2.1 IntroductionIn study of applied thermo kinetics exclusively the succession we soak up been observing high temperature dispatch from a outline at higher temperature to that at funkyer temperature. Now in the study of infrigidation we entrust be observing various methods of cooling the objects and maintaining the temperature of bodies at values minorer than touch temperature.According to American companionship of Heating, Refrigeration and Air- instruct Engineers (ASHARE) Refrigeration is the science of providing and maintaining temperature below that of the surrounding (ambient) temperature.In the remote days or so 2500 geezer lens hood B.C. Indians, Egyptians, etc., were producing chicken feed by keeping wet in the porous posts render to glacial atmosphere during the night period. The desiccation of water in al just about cool dry transmission line tended to(p) with recitative soup up beam in the clear night ca utilisationd the formation of ice even when the ambient temperature was above the freezing temperature. Further references argon address adequate which support the use of ice in China 1000 days BC. Nero, the emperor, was using ice for cooling beverages. Further, the East Indians were able to kindle infrigidation by dissolving salt in water as azoic as 4th century A.D., of course, on very small scale. The use of evaporative cooling is an an different(prenominal) application of refrigeration utilize past days. The cooling of water in earthen natess for drinking purpose is the most uncouth example where the evaporation for water through the pores of earthen pot is accompanied with cooling of water.The fore said methods of the production of cooling were not feasible for the commercial use due to very small metre of ice production. Availability of innate(p) ice in limited spheres and in openingibility of swell note insulation jailed the application of ice to those localities only. These all led to the tuition of schmalzy refrigeration side, a few would be recorded here. Thomas Harris and John Long got the earliest British p bent in 1790. Later on in 1834 Jacob Perkins developed hand operated refrigeration dodge using diethyl ether (volatile) as the working fluid. Ether vapor is sucked by the hand-operated compressor and then high temperature and pressure either vapor is condensed in the water cooled chamber ( capacitance). Liquid ether is finally throttled to the lower pressure, and consequently evaporation of this unstable in chamber A lowers the temperature of water surrounding the vessel. Finally ice is formed. In this system, ether is employ once to a greater extent and again in the cyclic crop with negligible wastage.In 1851, Dr. John Garrie of Florida, a physician obtained the kickoff American patent of a cold activate machine to produce ice in order to cure commonwealth suffering from the high fever. Instead o f picnic or ether, sulphuric ether was used by Dr. James Harrison of Australia in 1860, the worlds first installation of refrigeration machine for brewery. The steam engine works as a military group source which drives the compressor for the pressurization of sulphuric ether vapor, which is, in turn, condensed and is permited to puff and evaporate in order to produce refrigeration. Dr. Alexander Kirk of England constructed a cold air machine is 1861 similar to that of Dr. Gorrie. The air was compressed by a reciprocating compressor driven by a steam engine perseverening on coal. His actual machine consumed about 1 kg of coal to produce 4 kg of ice ( roughly).In the 19th century, there was dire development of refrigeration systems to re behind effective ice by artificial ice producing machines. Unfortunately steam engine, a very low fixedness power evolution source, was used to drive the compressor, rendering very puny performance of the refrigeration system.Some Recent A dvancements of in RefrigerationIn the arising of 20th century, large sized refrigeration machines were under progress. By 1904 about 450 ton cooling system for air conditioning the nakedfangled York Stock Exchange was installed. In Ger umteen passel used air conditioning in theatre for comfort purposes. In around 1911 the compressor speed was raise between 100 to 300 rpm. The first two-stage modem compressor was brought under use in 1915.During the civil war there was an acute shortage of the supply of natural ice from the north. Hence, Ferdinand Cargon of the USA developed vapour-absorption refrigeration system ammonia water as a refrigerating and water as a absorbent. The system consists of an evaporator, an absorber, a pump, a generator, a optical condenser and an expansion device. The evaporated vapor is oblivious by the weak ammonia-water mixture in the absorber yielding strong cobalt blue ammonia. The pump delivers this strong solution into the generator where heat tr ansfer from a burner separates ammonia vapor and the weak ammonia water returns to the absorber. On the early(a) hand the ammonia vapor condenses in the condenser before beingnessness throttled. The throttled ammonia liquid enters the evaporator resulting in completion of the cyclic process.In the beginning of two decades of the twentieth century, the development in refrigeration system was confined to refinement in cold air machines and vapor concretion thermoelectric, wink piping refrigeration systems, etc. The developments ar vortex tube, steam-jet refrigeration system, advanceability of materials of specific properties for thermoelectric materials. The possible use of waste heat or solar zero in case of vapor-absorption and thermoelectric systems has led to development of several commercial units these days especially due to the like hood of future cleverness crisis, the world is going to display case.A condenser is a heat exchanger is which de-superheating of high t emperature vapor changes the phase from vapor to liquid and sub cooling of condensate occurs. The condenser is an strategic device used in the high pressure side of a refrigeration system. Its responsibility is to remove heat of spicy vapor refrigerating discharged from the compressor. The hot vapor refrigerant consists of the heat absorbed by the evaporator and the heat of compression added by the mechanical energy of the compressor motor. The heat from the hot vapor refrigerant in a condenser is removed first by transferring it to the walls of the condenser tubes and then from the tubes to the condensing or cooling medium. The cooling medium whitethorn be air or water or a junto of the two. An air cooled condenser is nonp atomic turning 18il in which the removal of heat is do by air. It consists of steel or pig tube-shaped structure through which the refrigerant flows. The size of tube unremarkably courses from 6mm to 18mm external diameter, depending upon the size of the condenser. Generally bullshit tubes be used because of its excellent heat transfer ability. The condensers with steel tubes ar used in ammonia refrigerating systems. Majority of the domestic refrigerators uses the natural convection air cooled condenser. The act work refrigerator uses the natural convection air cooled condenser. In natural convection air cooled condenser, the heat transfer from the condenser coils to the air is by natural convection. As the air comes in contact with the warm condenser tubes, it absorbs heat from the refrigerant and indeed the temperature of air increases. The warm air being lighter, rises up and cold air from below rises to take away the heat from the condenser. This cycle continues in natural convection air cooled condensers. This work is an experimental approach to increase the heat to be rejected in the condenser as well as increase the performance of the system. If the condenser is having more fins commit then the cast of fins visi ble(prenominal) at the condenser are less. everywheredue to this surface area decreases. Therefore less heat transfer occurs. On the other hand if the condenser is having less fins spacing then the number of fins available at the Condensers are more. Therefore more heat rejection takes place in the condenser. Because of more heat rejection sub cooling occurs at the go by of the condenser which in turn increases the performance of the system. Decreasing energy outgo and increasing efficiency is mavin of the most of the essence(predicate) points in our era. seemly a matter of primary richness in air conditioning, industrial and commercial cooling applications, supermarket cooling, blast freezing and process cooling applications, energy efficiency affects design of chillers (and its equipment much(prenominal) as condensers, compressors etc.) and urges manufacturers to develop high performance, energy-efficient, surroundings friendly, economic, and long life products.Becoming a matter of primary importance in air conditioning, industrial cooling, supermarket cooling, commercial cooling, blast freezing and process cooling applications, etc., energy efficiency affects the design of chillers that vizor for a prodigious ratio of the energy consumption in plants. Legal legislations that for the short run limit, and in the long run prohibit the use of fluids of high orbicular warming potential, that are detrimental to the ozone layer are also potent on designs. Since air cooled condensers are among the essential components of cooling groups, efforts to improve their energy efficiency are made incessantly, the related national and international standards are upgraded and limitations on their energy consumptions are always increasing.Our statement will necessitate in the light of the in vogue(p) applicable standards- detailed and comparative selective information on applications aimed at improving the energy efficiency in air cooled condensers, highlighti ng the importance of energy efficiency in cooling installations.2.2 The violence of muscular contraction temperature on capacityThe condensate temperature of the refrigerant is considered to be 6C 20C above air inlet temperature for popular purposes. The condensing temperature varies according to the ambient temperature in which the system will operate. This said, the condensation temperature for applications is commonly interpreted as 30-60C.Factors taken into consideration for determining the condensation temperatureAmbient temperature,Thermo physical properties of the refrigerant,Properties of the selected compressor andThe dimensions of the condenser.While providing the nominal condenser capacity in condensers as per the Euro vent Standard, the air inlet temperature and condensation temperature are taken as 25C and 40C measureively. In other words, T = 15 C.A low value should be selected for the temperature derivative instrument T, in places of high ambient temperature. For instance, while designing for the conditions of Antalya the T value should be selected within the range of 7 10 C. For systems that will operate in open-air(prenominal) environments in conditions of Tur get wind, the temperature differential should be let down as one goes from the north to the south and selections should be made accordingly. It mustiness always be considered that High Compression Temperature creates a load on the compressor that reduces efficiency and shortens its useful life. It will be quite beneficial in the design for the condensation temperature to be specified as low as possible. However, in around conditions it is not possible to take a low value for the condensation temperature. For example in Middle East countries where the outdoor temperature is 50C-55C, high condenser temperature is unavoidable.The following example shows the compressor absorbed power at various condensation temperatures and the come throughd cooling capacities for a semi-herme tic type HGX4/555-4 sit compressor manufactured by BOCK, which uses R134A gas. The cooling gas selected for the example is R134A. As seen from the table, when the condensation temperature rises from 30C to 60C, the compressor draws 25% more power while the cooling capacity drops by 38.5%, the COP value decreases by 51% and the a unit that is 38.5% larger must be used to achieve the cooling capacity declared in the design.2.3 Tried and True for Millennia hair tubing has been in use by civilization for thousands of years, and it has been establish open in the water lines of Ancient Egypt.Modern-day houses having copper pipes installed 70 years ago are lock working well in the present day and require far less to fix and modify than substitute methods. Should you choose copper, you will hold back very little maintenance, whereas even unvarnished steel begins to rust all over time, especially if it is not painted or coated.There are a great variety of uses for copper tubing. If you come in a high degree into copper, you may be able to well reclaim your investment with high rates of return for reuse and cycle for example. Copper is a fantastic renewable resource because it is slowly recycled. ripe Qualities of Copper TubingProven LongevityComparably Lightweight skanky to CorrosionCan Be Formed to ShapeLargely atoxic and Non Carcinogenic2.4 Copper Condenser CoilsCondensers are one of the prominent uses of copper tubing. Changing gases into liquids occur at appropriate temperature dew point. Coppers fantastic heat transfer rates are one of the best choices for achieving this goal, exceeding other heat transfer tubing materials ( such as aluminum in this case) by near 800% while maintaining a strong, lightweight structure. Having a higher heat transfer rate renders less total material necessary for a stipulation space, allowing for more compact, lightweight, and simple condenser applications that minimize back pressure. CTCG builds condensers with coppe r tubing, aluminum tubing, and stainless steel tubing, to exerciseer printsbut we highly recommend copper tubing for condenser applications.2.5 All Designs Accepted for ReviewWhether your coil is, serpentine, coaxial, or only wontized, all designs are accepted for critique. Both hard drawn and annealed, conciliatory copper tubing acceptable for forming and coiling. Easily outsource production runs of custom copper tubing coils or buy bulk loads of custom and non-custom length copper tubing, including level wound coils, water tubing and piping, refrigeration tubing, DWV and capillary tubing.Providing Tubing Coils for nearly IndustriesCopper meets m any(prenominal) industries highest standards for excellence thus we recommend the use of copper for your applications inThe Aerospace Industry,Construction Industry,Freon Recycling Industry, medical examination Industry, and theAC Refrigeration IndustryMost projects can be easily manufactured, including such items as gas turbines, a rtistic projects, diagnostic hardware, in one to four weeks (and sometimes faster). Check our present inventory to see what tube types can be serviced this month2.6 Why CopperCopper tubing is the ideal material for many applications. Its strength, the ease with which it is fabricated and soldered, and its high conductivity to heat is invaluable in the process of building homes and industrial buildings, in particular for the refrigeration and air conditioning equipment installed.Tubing made from copper is one of the few naturally-sourced materials that are 100% recyclable, so no metal is lost(p) in reclaiming copper from pipes no longer quested, making it a good choice for the future.Maori Trends and Paradigms 1919 to insert DayMaori Trends and Paradigms 1919 to Present DayResearch hauora Maori trends and paradigms from 1919 to the present day Unit Standard 18414Gilanne M. Natividad site the surface areaThe Tmaki Makaurau region stretches from the South Kaipara in the north to t he southern reaches of the Manukau Harbour and covers more than 5,600 square kilometres. It is the smallest of the Te Puni Kkiri regions but contains the largest population of Mori.Identify the Hauora Maori trends and paradigmsLung crab louseIs a disease whereby, cells grow un pick uplably in the lung tissue usually beginning in the lining of the bronchi or bronchioles (small tubes in the lungs, through which air passes while breathing). As these tumours enlarge they can block off the bronchi and moderate the airflow into the lung. They commonly spread into the local lymph nodes and occasionally the chest wall. This reduces the airways capacity atomic number 82 to shortness of breath and coughing. The growth may lead to metastasis, which is when the malignant neoplastic disease spreads to other areas of the body.Smoking is the most common cause of lung crabby person and is attributed to approximately 85% of cases. Lung cancer in non-smokers is attributed to a combination of gen etic factors, radon gas, asbestos and air pollution, including second-hand smoke. (malignant neoplastic disease NZ)cervical CancerIs cancer of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus or womb.Cervical cancer develops slowly over time, usually pickings many years, when abnormal cells grow on the cervix. These abnormal cells are caused by infection with high- essay types of HPV.Abnormalities in the cells of the cervix can be sight by cervical cover charge and removed. Each year there are around 25,000 abnormal smear test results among New Zealand women.The most important risk factor for cervical cancer is persistent HPV infection.Other factors may contribute, includingGenetics some women are more likely to get cancer than others (family history)Smoking tobacco is a factor in causing many types of cancer, including cervical cancer. Women who smoke are twice as likely as non-smokers to develop cervical cancerNutrition women with a diet low in fruits and vegetables have an in creased riskNumber of sexual partners the more sexual partners a person has, the higher their risk of contracting HPV non having regular smear tests this increases a womans risk of ontogeny cervical cancer. (Ministry of Health, 2014)Gynaecological cancers are not common cancers but they do take the lives of around 350 New Zealand women each year. Ovarian cancer causes around 190 of these deaths. For all the gynaecological cancers, like most cancers, the risk increases with age.For ovarian and endometrial (lining of the uterus) cancers the causes are not well understood. However it is known that Women who have not had chelaren Women who are overweightMay have an increased risk for these cancers a cause of some cervical, vulval and vaginal cancers is a virus called human papilloma virus (HPV). This is a common sexually patrimonial virus. Most women are infected with it at some point in their lives. For most women it will never cause any problems. However, for a few women it causes cell changes that can lead to cancer. (Gynaecological Cancers Information for all Women, 2012)Colon Cancer or Bowel CancerBowel cancer is named according to where it is found for example, cancer of the colon, cancer of the rectum or colorectal cancer. This cancer occurs when the cells in some part of the bowel grow abnormally and form a protuberance or tumour. Most cancers are in the large bowel. Cancer in the small bowel is less common.How common is bowel cancer?The latest provisional information available from the New Zealand Cancer Registry1 recorded 2,759 new cases of colorectal cancer in 2008. It is one of the most common cancers among both(prenominal) men and women in New Zealand. It may occur at any age, although 90 percent of cases are found in wad over the age of 50.There are different risk factors in developing Bowel CancerLifestyleA diet high in fat and protein and low in fruit and vegetablesAlcohol consumption fish gain, particularly around the waistLow rates of physi cal activity.Family storey of Bowel CancerRare Genetic Conditions(Bowel Cancer Matepukupuku Puku Hamuti, 2009)Identify traditionalistic approaches to HauoraMaori Models of wellnessThe Medical Wheel (Stamler, 2003) figure effectiveness of wellness charge for Maori by delivering quality service.4 themesMentalEmotionalSpiritual bodilyTe Pae Mahutonga (Durie, 2011)Purpose the star constellation focuses on modern wellness promotion4 starsMauriora heathenish individualismWaiora environmental protectionToiora hefty lifestyleTe Oronga participation in societyTe Wheke (Pere, 1984)Purpose this is to link between the mind, spirit, human connection with the whanau and the physical world.10 componentsTe whnau the familyWaiora total eudaimonia for the individual and familyWairuatanga spiritualityHinengaro the mindTaha tinana physical wellbeingWhanaungatanga extended familyMauri life force in wad and objectsMana ake unique identity of individuals and familyH a koro ma, a kui ma breath of life from forbearersWhatumanawa the open and wellnessy expression of emotionTe Whare Tapa Wha (Durie, 1984)Purpose is to rear foundation for a holistic approach and to reflect on a way of being4 componentsWairua spiritualHinengaro mindTinana bodyWhanau familyUtilising of Maori medical specialtyRongoa Mori traditional Mori medicineRongoais the Mori term for medicines that are produced from native plants in New Zealand. Use of these medicines prevented many sicknesses, and provided remedies for the sick. In traditional Mori healing, diagnosis involved a holistic approach that include mind, body and spirit mauri(spark or life force),wairua(spirit), andtapu(natural law).Whakapapaor genealogy was also considered. Tohunga, the medical practitioners of the Mori world, passed their knowledge down through the generations, and modern Mori healers still use many of the concepts and practices.(100% New Zealand, 1999)Identify issues to primary and junior-grade wellness ser viceDiscriminationThe role of discrimination and racialism in harming health is not new but has received increasing attention over the past 20 years. Doctors have been shown to be less likely to counselor-at-law for preventive measures for Maori patients than for non-Maori patients, and Maoris may be less likely than non-Maoris to be referred for functional deal out. (Lis Ellison-Loschmann, 2006)AccessibilityAccess has been defined in terms of both glide slope to and access through health care, the latter concept taking into account the quality of the service being provided. Health care need and health care quality have been developed into framework for measuring disparities in access to care, a framework that includes broader environmental and societal factors like racism that may affect access.There is increasing read that Maoris and non-Maoris differ in terms of access to both primary and secondary health care serve that Maoris are less likely to be referred for surgical c are and specialist function, and that, given the disparities in mortality, they receive lower than expected levels of quality hospital care than non-Maoris. One survey showed that 38% of Maori adults reported problems in obtaining necessary care in their local area, as compared with 16% of non-Maoris. Maoris were almost twice as likely as non-Maoris (34% vs 18%) to have at peace(p) without health care in the past year because of the cost of such care. This adds to previous evidence that cost is a significant barrier to Maoris access to health services. (Lis Ellison-Loschmann, 2006)AffordabilityMany of the Maori mess are unemployed due to escape of qualifications for they did not have a prospect to study. This results to not being able to avail the health services offered in Tamaki Makau Rau whether it is primary or secondary health services. Instead of seeking professional help from the doctors or health workers, they tend to self-medicate by buying over the counter medicines t o have a relief on whatever symptoms they are experiencing.The development of Maori health servicesAt the beginning of the 20th century, Maori leadership played a key role in advancing health promotion and disease control activities within Maori communities.This approach was to be important throughout the century, and there are many examples of both national and local Maori-led initiatives committed to advancing Maori health. These initiatives occurred outside of the mainstream services being provided at the time, which made them vulnerable to changes in judicature and funding availability. An opportunity for the focused development of Maori supplier services emerged with the entranceway of the 1991 health reforms. However, this restructuring of health and social services also led to a widening gap in inequality, as evident in such key determinants of health as income, education, employment, and housing. Moreover, the reforms had direct effects on the health of Maoris, particular ly that of children.What are the differences between health services provided by Maoris and those provided by non-Maoris? Crengle identified use of Maori models of health and promotion of positive Maori development as 2 key philosophies underpinning Maori primary health care services. Maori cultural processes used as a basis for developing and delivering contemporary health services that support self-sufficiency and Maori control are crucial to the success of these provider organizations. Maori provider services have specifically identified access issues as a key factor and have used a range of strategies to address these issues, including big mobile services and outreach clinics (alongside a health centralize service base), free or low-cost health care, employment of primarily Maori staff who are more likely to have access to Maori consumers in their communities,and active inclusion of the community in the planning and delivery of services.The number of Maori health providers inc reased from 13 in 1993 to 240 in 2004. However, these providers continue to face a number of difficulties. For example, a lack of good primary health data, such as ethnicity data, has limited the potential of many Maori health providers, and a small Maori health work-force has been quickly absorbed into the growing number of Maori provider organizations. Also, the short contract time frames in place require extensive renegotiations each year. In addition, because Maori providers work primarily with families at high levels of need in terms of health services, increased costs are ineluctable if health gains are to be achieved, and funders must take this situation into account. interchangeable policy initiatives have recently been adopted in Canada and Australia to improve the health of indigenous peoples however, the contractual environments in these countries lean toward single multiyear funding contracts for all-embracing primary health care, and there is early evidence that such systems are more efficient for providers and promote better outcomes among consumers.It is too soon to appraise the effects that the Maori provider organizations are having on the health status of Maoris, and these organizations should be viewed as representing one of a package of necessary long-term measures. Although the evidence that such strategies are effective is not yet available, there is certainly evidence that the reverse is true that is, health service provision with little Maori participation results in poor Maori outcomes. (Lis Ellison-Loschmann, 2006)Government Health Policy i.e Whanau OraIt is when the family is charge as a whole in facing the health problems preferably of focusing individually with the whanau members. It encourages the family to help one another in transaction with sickness or any ailments by giving them health lectures, brochures and pamphlets with regards to the disease.excuse the research methodologyResult of consultation with local iwi and/or hapu point of reference helps develop a cooperative working relationship with local Iwi and Hapu. Te reo drives tikanga and kawa for each Iwi and Hapu. It is done usually before and during the research, for the researchers to advise them of the nature of the intend study and invite their comments and/ or involvement.Ethical and cultural considerations within a hauora contextAs a researcher, we should secure consent first. So that the subject will be aware on what is the scope of the research and on how he or she can participate. It is also given to secure his/her rights as a subject.The researcher should also consider his clients cultural safety by not putting into risk his clients cultural beliefs.The researcher should also work on establishing the relationship and set rapport or also known as whakapapa-kawakia.The researcher should allow his client to do their Karakia before and after their session. data collection and tikangaData is collected for this unit standard by using diff erent available resources which involves the three trends namely Lung Cancer, Gynaecological Cacer and Bowel Cancer. These are by utilizing books, journals, websites and notes from our lectures with see to the Tikanga of the subject. It I important to observe their Tikanga for they will uphold each others culture and beliefs.Describe the research methodology in concord with research ethics and tikanga Maori, ensuring you cover the following areasComplete literature review has been already submitted.Sourcing informationReferencesBowel Cancer Matepukupuku Puku Hamuti. (2009) Cancer smart set Understanding Cancer, 7-10.Gynaecological Cancers Information for All Women. (2012) Cancer Society, 1-2Ministry of Health. (2014, January 23). Retrieved January 30,2014, from Ministry of Health, http//www.health.govt.nz/your-health/condition-and-treatment/diseases-and-illnesses/cancer/cervical-cancerTe Puni Kokiri. (2012, March 6). Retrieved January 30, 2014, from Te Puni Kokiri http//www.tpk.g ovt.nz/Ministry of Health. (2010). Trends in Cancer Incidence by morality and Socioeconomic Group, New Zealand 1981-2004. Trends in Cancer Incidence by morals and Socioeconomic Group, New Zealand 1981-2004, 52-57The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, quaternate Edition copyright 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.The abandon Dictionary. (n.d.) Retrieved January 30, 2014, from The Free Dictionary, http//www.thefreedictionary.com/aucklandProcedures for recording and analysing information and presenting findingsAssessment Task 2 break research regarding hauora Maori trends and paradigms from 1919 to the present dayThe table above shows the cancer modification by tumour sites for Maori clients in year 2003-2006, Northern Region. There is a high significance rate which is 63% in Lung Cancer for Maori people. This is in the first place because of the exposure to cigarette smoking and second hand smoke that the Maori people are experiencing.Next is, Colorectal Cancer with 18%, which mainly caused by not eating enough vegetables high in fibre. The diet of the Maori people has a major impact in the second leading cancer. Most of the Maori people eats meat and processed food which contributes in getting colorectal cancer.The next three types of cancer are under the comprehensive of gynaecological cancer for women. These three has different contributing risk factors which are obesity, improper diet, number of pregnancy and genetics. It can be prevented by undergoing screening and regular check-up with their OB-Gyne. Most of the Maori women are getting pregnant with their first child at an early age which causes them to bear more children through their lifetime that may cause one of these cancers.Assessment Task 3Present your findings and explain a present day health priority for MaoriThe leading five womanish cancer registrations were breast, colorectal, melanoma, lung and uterus in the No rthern Region and nationally for the period 2003-2006, accounting for approximately 65% of all effeminate cancers. The leading five male cancer registrations were cancers of the prostate, colorectal, melanoma, lung and non-Hodgkins cancer in the Northern Region and nationally for the period 2003-2006, accounting for approximately 65% of all male cancers.Uterine cancer was the second most common cancer (12%) amongst peaceful women, both nationally and in the Northern Region. Cervical cancer was among the five most common young-bearing(prenominal) cancers in Maori, Pacific and Asian women but not in European/Other women in the Northern Region. Nationally, cervical cancer was in the top five female cancers for Asian women only.In the early years, Maori people dont have the enough knowledge with Cancer and they seek help with their local small town doctor and instructed to take herbal medicines to relieve whatever symptoms they were experiencing that moment. And later on will be dec eased due to different complications without knowing the certain cause.The present day health priority for Maori is early screening for cancers. For female Maoris, they can undergo mammography for breast cancer screening, and Pap smear for cervical cancer screening. For male Maoris, they can undergo Digital Rectal test to check if there are any tenderness and lumps in their prostate. aboriginal prevention is important for there are many treatments that can be used like surgical removal of lumps or undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments. The chance of survival is high when the cancer is diagnosed at the early stage.Proper health education and having Maori representatives in public health care services is important for the Maori, for they will feel that they are safe and secured if they will speak to their co-Maori people in regards with their health concerns. The partnership of the Maori with The Crown will help the Maori people to avail the different health services offered by The Ministry of Health with respect to their culture and beliefs.